www.biblesu2.blogspot.com The Arabic Translation of the contents
We observe many uses for the cross along the3* history , the Phoenician people and the Corthaginian , used it before it was accepted in Rome , after the revolution of the slaves. The Romanian law and the tradition of the Phoenician and the Corthaginian ,did not allow to crucify any free person , The crucifixion was a punishment for the slaves, and the people of the Roman empire who have not a Roman citizenship , even those , the Roman law preferred another sorts of killing , more than the crucifixion , only the dangerous persons , but if those have the Roman citizenship It was very hard to allow to crucify them . therefore ,the tradition which told us that "Peter" was crucified ,while "Paul 's Head" was cut, is a tradition which reflected the historical Romans rules .
The shapes of the Cross were three4* :- the first one was like the letter "T" ,it was appointed for The Idolatry worship of "Tamuz" ,It was called " The Cross of St., Anthony " or " The Crux Comissa" , The second shape was like the letter "X" and called " The Cross of St., Andrew " or " The Crux Immissa" , The third shape (see the picture ) is the shape which The Lord Jesus Christ has crucified on it , it was like the plus mark , a horizontal and vertical lines , the tradition which told us that referred to "st., Irenaeus " also we have proves from the four Gospels ,see Matthew 27.37 ,Mark 15.26 , Luke 23.38,John 19.19-22 , the subscription which was written over him assured that . but the cross according to the fine arts have endless shapes , most of these shapes did not reflect an artistic views only , but some times it reflects a theological views , just as the cross of the four equal lines, which reflects the idea that the benefits of the cross , is equal for the sake of the northern , southern , eastern and western people , the cross which have a tall base to describe the purification of Christ , and his supreme position , we will discuss these ideas latter in theology , but we observe at last , that the cross in the western tradition , proffered to put Christ on it ,5*while the eastern tradition proffered to paint it without Christ , it was the differences between the different cultures .
Bibliography :- 3*J.Hastings , "Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics" VolII ,1908-29.
4*The New Schaff- Herzog " Encyclopaedia of Religion Knowledge " . 1949- 1952.5*F.L.Cross " The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church " ,1944. Please comment . Rev. Joseph
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